This is an outdated version published on November 11, 2025. Read the most recent version.

ERGA-BGE reference genome of Hanak's bat ( Pipistrellus hanaki), an IUCN Vulnerable species restricted to forest-like biotopes

Panagiotis Georgakakis ,
Danae Karakasi
,
Petros Lymberakis ,
Manolis Papadimitrakis
,
Manos Stratakis ,
Eleftherios Bitzilekis ,
Nikolaos Poulakakis
,
Astrid Böhne ,
Rita Monteiro ,
Rosa Fernández
,
Nuria Escudero
,
Genomescope Sequencing Team
,
Alice Moussy ,
Corinne Cruaud
,
Karine Labadie
,
Lola Demirdjian ,
Sophie Mangenot
,
Caroline Belser ,
Patrick Wincker
,
Pedro H. Oliveira ,
Jean-Marc Aury
,
Leanne Haggerty ,
Swati Sinha ,
Fergal Martin
,
Chiara Bortoluzzi

Article

Authors & roles Authors

Peer review record Peer review

Metrics

Cite

Section

Data Note

Published

November 11, 2025

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20937.2

Versions

April 11, 2026 (Version of Record 2.0)
November 11, 2025 (Version of Record 1.0)
September 25, 2025 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

Horizon Europe

Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)

Grant ID(s): 22.00173, 24.00054
Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Grant ID(s): ANR-22-EXAT-0003-SEQ-Sea
European Commission

Grant ID(s): 101059492
National Agency for Research

Grant ID(s): ANR-10-INBS-09-08
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)

Views

108

Downloads

Citations

See full metrics

Pipistrellus hanaki, genome assembly, European Reference Genome Atlas, Biodiversity Genomics Europe, Earth Biogenome Project, Vespertilionidae family, Hanak's bat, Νανονυχτερίδα του Hanak

Abstract

Hanak's bat ( Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva and Benda 2004) is one of the most range restricted mammals in Europe, since it occurs only in Cyrenaica, Libya, and Crete (Greece). It is currently classified as 'Vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List, with its foraging habitat threatened by a number of human activities. The reference genome of Hanak's bat ( Pipistrellus hanaki) will provide a crucial resource for uncovering the species phylogenetic history and will help assess the degree of genetic isolation among its populations. A total of 23 contiguous chromosomal pseudomolecules (sex chromosomes included) were assembled from the genome sequence. This chromosome-level assembly encompasses 1.9 Gb, composed of 447 contigs and 141 scaffolds, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 48.7 Mb and 89.1 Mb, respectively.

Corresponding author

Chiara Bortoluzzi

0000-0001-6589-6635

chiara.bortoluzzi@sib.swiss

Grant information

Biodiversity Genomics Europe (Grant no.101059492) is funded by Horizon Europe under the Biodiversity, Circular Economy and Environment call (REA.B.3); co-funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract numbers 22.00173 and 24.00054; and by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy’s Horizon Europe Guarantee Scheme. This work was supported by the Genoscope, the Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), France Génomique (ANR-10-INBS-09-08), and the exploratory research programme ‘ATLASea: Atlas of marine genomes and its targeted project SEQ-Sea (ANR-22-EXAT-0003-SEQ-Sea).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

© 2025 Panagiotis Georgakakis (Co-Author); Danae Karakasi (Co-Author); Petros Lymberakis (Co-Author); Manolis Papadimitrakis (Co-Author); Manos Stratakis (Co-Author); Eleftherios Bitzilekis (Co-Author); Nikolaos Poulakakis (Co-Author); Astrid Böhne (Co-Author); Rita Monteiro (Co-Author); Rosa Fernández (Co-Author); Nuria Escudero (Co-Author); Genomescope Sequencing Team (Co-Author); Alice Moussy (Co-Author); Corinne Cruaud (Co-Author); Karine Labadie (Co-Author); Lola Demirdjian (Co-Author); Sophie Mangenot (Co-Author); Caroline Belser (Co-Author); Patrick Wincker (Co-Author); Pedro H. Oliveira (Co-Author); Jean-Marc Aury (Co-Author); Leanne Haggerty (Co-Author); Swati Sinha (Co-Author); Fergal Martin (Co-Author); Chiara Bortoluzzi (Corresponding Author, Co-Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

First version published

September 25, 2025 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20937.1)

Latest version published

April 11, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20937.3)

Revised

Amendment

We thank the reviewer for their comments. We have addressed all comments in this new manuscript submission. As suggested by the reviewer, we also added a picture of a Hanak's bat individual, which is however different from the individual that was used in this Report for the reference genome production. This is specified in the Figure caption in the main text to avoid misunderstanding.

Introduction

Hanak's bat (Pipistrellus hanaki Hulva and Benda 2004) or Νανονυχτερίδα του Hanak in Greek, is one of the six west-Palaearctic members of the genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 s.str (Figure 1). Phylogenetically, it is the sister species to Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825). Hanak's bat is a small bat, with a pale brown to rusty brown pelage coloration, moderately paler and distinctly rustier than in the other two congeneric species, Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Pipistrellus pygmaeus. The face, wing membranes, ears, and tragi are dark brown, whereas the ear bases and the area around the eyes are slightly paler. In Europe, only a small-sized form of Hanak's bat occurs in Crete, P. hanaki creticus Benda, 2009, while the nominotypical form, P. hanaki hanaki Hulva and Benda, 2004 lives just in northern Cyrenaica, Libya. These two forms differ in morphometric and genetic traits (Benda et al., 2004; Benda et al., 2008; Benda et al., 2014); while P. hanaki hanaki is the largest member of the common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) group, P. hanaki creticus has a significant smaller body and skull size and its endemic Cretan population was even suggested to represent a separate species, since its phylogenetic position was not fully resolved, but it was shown to be a sister species to both P. hanaki s.str and P. pygmaeus (Benda et al., 2014). This phylogenetic reconstruction, however, has not yet been accepted.

Figure 1. A specimen of the species Pipistrellus hanaki.

The individual in the picture is a different specimen from the one sampled and sequenced for this study. Photo credit: Panagiotis GEORGIAKAKIS, Natural History Museum of Crete, Crete.

The Hanak's bat was first discovered in the north-eastern part of Cyrenaica, Libya (Benda et al., 2004) and was subsequently found solely in the center of the forested northern part of the Cyrenaican plateau (Jebel Al Akhdar Mts). Its presence on Crete was first documented in 2007 (Hulva et al., 2007) from a specimen collected in the western part of the island which was analysed morphologically and genetically. Since then, it has been found in several localities, mostly in forested areas, tree cultivations, and vegetated wetlands of western and central Crete (Benda et al., 2008; Georgiakakis et al., 2023). Although rather widespread on Crete, Pipistrellus hanaki was not located in several sampling efforts that were recently undertaken in many islands of south-east Greece, viz. Rhodes and Karpathos (Georgiakakis et al., 2023).

Pipistrellus hanaki is currently classified as 'Vulnerable' on the IUCN Red List (Georgiakakis et al., 2020), reflecting its high risk of extinction in the wild because of, among others, significant habitat loss due to residential and commercial development, forest fires and expansion of cultivations (Georgiakakis et al., 2018). Additionally, it is listed under Annex IV of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EU) and Appendix II of the Bern Convention highlighting its protection and conservation status as a species of European interest and necessitating the proper management of its habitat.

Pipistrellus hanaki utilizes a great variety of roosts (trees, rock fissures, buildings), but it depends on mature trees – native Quercus but also cultivated Olea, Ceratonia, Ficus and Prunus – for foraging (Georgiakakis et al., 2018). As an insect predator, it plays an important role in the forest ecosystem function and resilience.

Developing a high-quality reference genome for Pipistrellus hanaki is essential to advance our understanding of its unique genetic makeup. This genomic resource will also support conservation efforts by providing valuable insights into its phylogenetic relationships within the P. pipistrellus group and the genetic differences between P. hanaki hanaki and P. hanaki creticus.

The generation of this reference resource was coordinated by the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) initiative’s Biodiversity Genomics Europe (BGE) project, supporting ERGA’s aims of promoting transnational cooperation to promote advances in the application of genomics technologies to protect and restore biodiversity (Mazzoni et al., 2023).

Materials & methods

ERGA's sequencing strategy includes Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and/or Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) for long-read sequencing, along with Hi-C sequencing for chromosomal architecture, Illumina Paired-End (PE) for polishing (i.e. recommended for ONT-only assemblies), and RNA sequencing for transcriptome profiling, to facilitate genome assembly and annotation.

Sample and sampling information

On 21 October 2023, one adult male of Pipistrellus hanaki was sampled by Panagiotis Georgakakis from the Natural History Museum of Crete (NHMC) of the University of Crete. The species was identified using the identification key of Dietz & Kiefer (2016). The specimen was collected with a mist nest in Psiloritis mt., Rouvas forest, Irakleio, Crete, Greece. Sampling was performed under Presidential Decree 67/1981 issued by the Greek Government. The specimen was euthanized by increasing concentration of CO₂, after which it was immediately flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and preserved at -80 °C until DNA extraction.

Vouchering information

Physical reference material for the here sequenced specimen has been deposited in the Vertebrates Collections of the NHMC https://www.nhmc.uoc.gr/en/departments/vertebrates under accession ID NHMC.80.5.121.52.

Frozen reference tissue material of muscle and liver is available from the same individual at the Genomics and Genetic Resources Division of the NHMC https://www.nhmc.uoc.gr/en/departments/genomics under accession ID NHMC.80.5.121.52.

Genetic information

The estimated genome size, estimated by Genomes on a Tree (GoaT) (Challis et al., 2023) by ancestral state reconstruction, is 2.12 Gb. This is a diploid genome with a haploid number of 22 chromosomes (2n=44). All information for this species was retrieved from GoaT.

DNA/RNA processing

DNA was extracted from muscle (45 mg) using a Genomic-tip 100/G Kit (QIAGEN, MD, USA) following manufacturer instructions. DNA fragment size selection was performed using Short Read Eliminator (PacBio, CA, USA). Quantification was performed using a Qubit dsDNA HS Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and integrity was assessed in a FemtoPulse system (Agilent). DNA was stored at 4 °C until usage.

RNA was extracted from 10 mg of muscle using the RNeasy Plus Universal kit (Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. Residual genomic DNA was removed with 6U of TURBO DNase (2 U/μL) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Quantification was performed using a Qubit RNA HS Assay kit and integrity was assessed in a Bioanalyzer system (Agilent). RNA was stored at -80 °C.

Library preparation and sequencing

Long-read DNA libraries were prepared with the SMRTbell prep kit 3.0 following manufacturers' instructions and sequenced on a Revio system (PacBio). Hi-C libraries were generated from muscle (20 mg) of the same individual using the Arima High Coverage HiC kit (following the Animal Tissues low input protocol v01) and sequenced on a NovaSeq 6000 instrument (Illumina) with 2x150 bp read length. Poly(A) RNA-Seq libraries were constructed using the Illumina Stranded mRNA Prep, Ligation Prep kit (Illumina) and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq X Plus instrument (Illumina) with 2x150 bp read length. In total, 36x PacBio and 19x HiC data were sequenced to generate the assembly.

Genome assembly methods

The genome of Pipistrellus hanaki was assembled using the Genoscope GALOP pipeline (https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/1200). Briefly, raw PacBio HiFi reads were assembled using Hifiasm v0.19.5-r593 (Cheng et al., 2021). Remaining allelic duplications were removed using purge_dups v1.2.5 (Guan et al., 2020) with default parameters and the proposed cutoffs. The purged assembly was scaffolded using YaHS v1.2 (Zhou et al., 2023) and assembled scaffolds were then curated through manual inspection using PretextView v0.2.5 to remove false joins and incorporate sequences not automatically scaffolded into their respective locations within the chromosomal pseudomolecules. Summary analysis of the released assembly was performed using the ERGA-BGE Genome Report ASM Galaxy workflow (10.48546/workflowhub.workflow.1104.1).

Genome annotation methods

A gene set was generated using the Ensembl Gene Annotation system (Aken et al., 2016), primarily by aligning short-read RNA-seq data from BioSample SAMEA115120717 to a previous version of the reference genome (GCA_964339955.1). Gaps in the annotation were filled via protein-to-genome alignments of a select set of vertebrate proteins from UniProt (UniProt Consortium, 2019), which had experimental evidence at the protein or transcript level. At each locus, data were aggregated and consolidated, prioritising models derived from RNA-seq data, resulting in a final set of gene models and associated non-redundant transcript sets. To distinguish true isoforms from fragments, the likelihood of each open reading frame (ORF) was evaluated against known vertebrate proteins. Low-quality transcript models, such as those showing evidence of fragmented ORFs, were removed. In cases where RNA-seq data were fragmented or absent, homology data were prioritised, favouring longer transcripts with strong intron support from short-read data. The resulting gene models were classified into three categories: protein-coding, pseudogene, and long non-coding. Models with hits to known proteins and few structural abnormalities were classified as protein-coding. Models with hits to known proteins but displaying abnormalities, such as the absence of a start codon, non-canonical splicing, unusually small intron structures (<75 bp), or excessive repeat coverage, were reclassified as pseudogenes. Single-exon models with a corresponding multi-exon copy elsewhere in the genome were classified as processed (retrotransposed) pseudogenes. Models that did not fit any of the previously described categories did not overlap protein-coding genes and were constructed from transcriptomic data were considered potential lncRNAs. Potential lncRNAs were further filtered to remove single-exon loci due to their unreliability. Putative miRNAs were predicted by performing a BLAST search of miRBase (Kozomara et al., 2019) against the genome, followed by RNAfold analysis (Gruber et al., 2008). Other small non-coding loci were identified by scanning the genome with Rfam (Kalvari et al., 2018) and passing the results through Infernal (Nawrocki & Eddy, 2013).

Results

Genome assembly

The genome assembly has a total length of 1,892,181,625 bp in 141 scaffolds (Figure 2 and Figure 3), with a GC content of 42.5%. It features a contig N50 of 48,700,701 bp (L50=16) and a scaffold N50 of 89,115,682 bp (L50=7). There are 306 gaps, totalling 34.1 kb in cumulative size. The single-copy gene content analysis using the Mammalia database with BUSCO (Manni et al., 2021) resulted in 93.3% completeness (92.0% single and 1.3% duplicated). 96.3% of reads k-mers were present in the assembly and the assembly has a base accuracy Quality Value (QV) of 61.4 as calculated by Merqury (Rhie et al., 2020).

Figure 2. Snail plot summary of assembly statistics.

The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference, with each bin representing 0.1% of the 1,892,181,625 bp assembly. The distribution of sequence lengths is shown in dark grey, with the plot radius scaled to the longest sequence present in the assembly (211 Mb, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the scaffold N50 and N90 sequence lengths (89,115,682 and 49,289,172 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative sequence count on a log-scale, with white scale lines showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes found in the assembled genome from the Mammalia database (odb10) is shown on the top right.

Figure 3. Hi-C contact map showing spatial interactions between regions of the genome.

The diagonal corresponds to intra-chromosomal contacts, depicting chromosome boundaries. The frequency of contacts is shown on a logarithmic heatmap scale. Hi-C matrix bins were merged into a 50 kb bin size for plotting. Due to space constraints on the axes, only the GenBank names of the 18th largest autosomes and the Y chromosome (GenBank: OZ203255.1) are shown.

Genome annotation

The genome annotation consists of 18,099 protein-coding genes with associated 30,313 transcripts, in addition to 5,633 non-coding genes (Table 1). Using the longest isoform per transcript, the single-copy gene content analysis using the Mammalia odb10 database with BUSCO resulted in 95.3% completeness. Using the OMAmer Metazoa-v2.0.0.h5 database for OMArk (Nevers et al., 2025) resulted in 95.7% completeness and 98.5% consistency (Table 2).

Table 1. Statistics from assembled gene models.

	No. genes	No. transcripts	Mean gene length (bp)	No. single- exon genes	Mean exons per transcript
mRNA	18,099	30,313	41,209	1,346	11.4
pseudogene	386	386	14,593	33	13.3
snoRNA	972	972	123	972	1.0
lncRNA	3,043	3,204	3,256	2,630	1.4
miRNA	135	135	82	135	1.0
snRNA	1,263	1,263	119	1,263	1.0
rRNA	110	110	225	110	1.0
scRNA	77	77	148	77	1.0
Other ncRNA	33	33	96-281	33	1.0

Table 2. Annotation completeness and consistency scores calculated by BUSCO run in protein mode (mammalia_odb10) and OMArk (Metazoa-v2.0.0.h5).

	Complete	Single copy	Duplicated	Fragmented	Missing
BUSCO	8,790 (95.3%)	8,706 (94.4%)	84 (0.9%)	74 (0.8%)	362 (3.9%)
OMArk	13,499 (95.7%)	13,207 (93.7%)	292 (2.0%)	-	596 (4.2%)
	Consistent	Inconsistent	Contaminants	Unknown
OMArk	17,942 (98.5%)	197 (1.1%)	0.0 (0.0%)	81 (0.4%)

Data availability

Pipistrellus hanaki and the related genomic study were assigned to Tree of Life ID (ToLID) 'mPipHan1' and all sample, sequence, and assembly information are available under the umbrella BioProject PRJEB77247. The sample information is available at the following BioSample accessions: SAMEA115799862, SAMEA115799867, and SAMEA115120717. The genome assembly is accessible from ENA under accession number GCA_964339955.4 and the annotated genome is available at the Ensembl website (https://projects.ensembl.org/erga-bge/). Sequencing data produced as part of this project are available from ENA at the following accessions: ERX12737184, ERX12737185, ERX14169058, ERX14169059, and ERX12733454. Documentation related to the genome assembly and curation can be found in the ERGA Assembly Report (EAR) document available at https://github.com/ERGA-consortium/EARs/tree/main/Assembly_Reports/Pipistrellus_hanaki/mPipHan1. Further details and data about the project are hosted on the ERGA portal at https://portal.erga-biodiversity.eu/data_portal/412090.

Author contributions

DK coordinated the project; PG collected the species; PG identified the species; DK, MP, MS, EB, PL, and NP sampled and preserved biological material and provided metadata; AsB, RM, RF, and NE provided support in sampling, shipping of biological material, metadata collection, and management; GST extracted DNA, prepared libraries, and performed sequencing under the supervision of AM, CC, KL, PHO, and PW; SM, CB, LD, and JMA performed genome assembly and curation under the supervision of JMA; LH, SS, and FM performed genome annotation; CB generated the analysis and report. All authors contributed to the writing, review, and editing of this genome note and read and approved the final version. This work is part of the species assigned to Genoscope, which was instrumental in the wet lab, sequencing, and assembly processes, and represents a key contribution to BGE's outputs.

Author information

Members of the Genoscope Sequencing Team are listed here: https://zenodo.org/records/14611490.

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to M. Kantzaridou and I. Ekklisiarchos for assistance in fieldwork. We acknowledge the support of the Freiburg Galaxy Team: Saim Momin and Björn Grüning, Bioinformatics, University of Freiburg (Germany), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF grant 031 A538A de.NBI-RBC and the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg (MWK) within the framework of LIBIS/de.NBI Freiburg. We would like to acknowledge the assembly reviewer, Tyler S. Alioto from the Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG).

Faculty Opinions recommended

References

Aken BL, Ayling S, Barrell D, et al.: The Ensembl gene annotation system. Database (Oxford). 2016; 2016: baw093. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Benda P, Georgiakakis P, Dietz C, et al.: Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 7. The bat fauna of Crete, Greece. Acta Soc Zool Bohem. 2008; 72: 105–190. Reference Source
Benda P, Hulva P, Gaisler J: Systematic status of African populations of Pipistrellus pipistrellus complex (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with a description of a new species from Cyrenaica, Libya. Acta Chiropt. 2004; 6(2): 193–217. Publisher Full Text
Benda P, Spitzenberger F, Hanák V, et al.: Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Part 11. On the bat fauna of Libya II. Acta Soc Zool Bohem. 2014; 78: 1–162. Reference Source
Challis R, Kumar S, Sotero-Caio C, et al.: Genomes on a Tree (GoaT): a versatile, scalable search engine for genomic and sequencing project metadata across the eukaryotic Tree of Life [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. Wellcome Open Res. 2023; 8: 24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Cheng H, Concepcion GT, Feng X, et al.: Haplotype-resolved de novo assembly using phased assembly graphs with hifiasm. Nat Methods. 2021; 18(2): 170–175. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Dietz C, Kiefer A: Bats of Britain and Europe. Bloomsbury publishing, 2016. Reference Source
Georgiakakis P, Cooper-Bohannon R, Aulagnier S, et al.: Pipistrellus hanaki. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020; 2020: e.T136209A22011859. Publisher Full Text
Georgiakakis P, Kafkaletou Diez A, Salvarina I, et al.: The bats of Greece: an updated review of their distribution, ecology and conservation. Animals (Basel). 2023; 13(15): 2529. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Georgiakakis P, Poursanidis D, Kantzaridou M, et al.: The importance of forest conservation for the survival of the range-restricted Pipistrellus hanaki, an endemic bat from Crete and Cyrenaica. Mamm Biol. 2018; 93: 109–117. Publisher Full Text
Gruber AR, Lorenz R, Bernhart SH, et al.: The Vienna RNA websuite. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008; 36(suppl_2): W70–W74. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Guan D, McCarthy SA, Wood J, et al.: Identifying and removing haplotypic duplication in primary genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2020; 36(9): 2896–2898. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Hulva P, Benda P, Hanak V, et al.: New mitochondrial lineages within the Pipistrellus pipistrellus complex from Mediterranean Europe. Folia Zool. 2007; 56(4): 378. Reference Source
Kalvari I, Nawrocki EP, Argasinska J, et al.: Non-coding RNA analysis using the Rfam database. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2018; 62(1): e51. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Kozomara A, Birgaoanu M, Griffiths-Jones S: miRBase: from microRNA sequences to function. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47(D1): D155–D162. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Manni M, Berkeley MR, Seppey M, et al.: BUSCO update: novel and streamlined workflows along with broader and deeper phylogenetic coverage for scoring of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes. Mol Biol Evol. 2021; 38(10): 4647–4654. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Mazzoni CJ, Ciofi C, Waterhouse RM: Biodiversity: an atlas of European reference genomes. Nature. 2023; 619(7969): 252. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Nawrocki EP, Eddy SR: Infernal 1.1: 100-fold faster RNA homology searches. Bioinformatics. 2013; 29(22): 2933–2935. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Nevers Y, Warwick Vesztrocy A, Rossier V, et al.: Quality assessment of gene repertoire annotations with OMArk. Nat Biotechnol. 2025; 43(1): 124–133. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Rhie A, Walenz BP, Koren S, et al.: Merqury: reference-free quality, completeness, and phasing assessment for genome assemblies. Genome Biol. 2020; 21(1): 245. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
UniProt Consortium: UniProt: a worldwide hub of protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019; 47(D1): D506–D515. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Zhou C, McCarthy SA, Durbin R: YaHS: Yet another Hi-C Scaffolding tool. Bioinformatics. 2023; 39(1): btac808. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Comments

Publication information

Section

Data Note

Published

November 11, 2025

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.20937.2

Versions

April 11, 2026 (Version of Record 2.0)
November 11, 2025 (Version of Record 1.0)
September 25, 2025 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

Included in

Horizon Europe

Funding data

Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)

Grant ID(s): 22.00173, 24.00054
Agence Nationale de la Recherche

Grant ID(s): ANR-22-EXAT-0003-SEQ-Sea
European Commission

Grant ID(s): 101059492
National Agency for Research

Grant ID(s): ANR-10-INBS-09-08
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)

Metrics

Views

108

Downloads

Citations

See full metrics

Keywords

Comments

Panagiotis Georgakakis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-9416-9899

pangeos@uoc.gr

Danae Karakasi

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, Vassilika Vouton, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

danae@nhmc.uoc.gr

Petros Lymberakis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-5067-9600

lyberis@nhmc.uoc.gr

Manolis Papadimitrakis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

papadim@nhmc.uoc.gr

Manos Stratakis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, Vassilika Vouton, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-6291-9245

mastratakis79@gmail.com

Eleftherios Bitzilekis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

0009-0004-5434-0550

ebitzi@hotmail.com

Nikolaos Poulakakis

Natural History Museum of Crete, School of Sciences and Engineering, Knossos Avenue, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71409, Greece

Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, Vassilika Vouton, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-70013, Greece

Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Heraklion, GR-70013, Greece

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Review & Editing

poulakakis@nhmc.uoc.gr

Astrid Böhne

Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, Bonn, 53113, Germany

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-1284-3115

A.Boehne@leibniz-lib.de

Rita Monteiro

Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, Bonn, 53113, Germany

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-1374-4474

R.Monteiro@leibniz-lib.de

Rosa Fernández

Metazoa Phylogenomics Lab, Passeig marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49., Institute for Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

rosa.fernandez@ibe.upf-csic.es

Nuria Escudero

Metazoa Phylogenomics Lab, Passeig marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49., Institute for Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, 08003, Spain

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

nuria.escudero@ibe.upf-csic.es

Genomescope Sequencing Team

Roles

Co-Author

admin@ore.testing.publicknowledgeproject.org

Alice Moussy

Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0009-0006-3405-7074

amoussy@genoscope.cns.fr

Corinne Cruaud

Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

cruaud@genoscope.cns.fr

Karine Labadie

Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

klabadie@genoscope.cns.fr

Lola Demirdjian

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

0009-0009-9164-3311

ldemirdj@genoscope.cns.fr

Sophie Mangenot

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

mangenot@genoscope.cns.fr

Caroline Belser

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-8108-9910

cbelser@genoscope.cns.fr

Patrick Wincker

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

patrick.wincker@cea.fr

Pedro H. Oliveira

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-3161-8367

pcoutool@genoscope.cns.fr

Jean-Marc Aury

Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, 91057, France

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

jmaury@genoscope.cns.fr

Leanne Haggerty

European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-8843-3596

leanne@ebi.ac.uk

Swati Sinha

European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-6718-0315

swati@ebi.ac.uk

Fergal Martin

European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

fergal@ebi.ac.uk

Chiara Bortoluzzi

SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Amphipôle, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland

Roles

Corresponding Author, Co-Author, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation

0000-0001-6589-6635

chiara.bortoluzzi@sib.swiss

Downloads over the last 12 months:

Cited by

via Crossref

View citing articles

ERGA-BGE reference genome of Hanak's bat ( Pipistrellus hanaki), an IUCN Vulnerable species restricted to forest-like biotopes

List of Authors

Peer review

Publication information

Included in

Funding data

Metrics

Keywords

Comments

Abstract

Amendment

Comments

Publication information

Included in

Funding data

Metrics

Keywords

Comments

Authors & roles

Panagiotis Georgakakis

Danae Karakasi

Petros Lymberakis

Manolis Papadimitrakis

Manos Stratakis

Eleftherios Bitzilekis

Nikolaos Poulakakis

Astrid Böhne

Rita Monteiro

Rosa Fernández

Nuria Escudero

Genomescope Sequencing Team

Alice Moussy

Corinne Cruaud

Karine Labadie

Lola Demirdjian

Sophie Mangenot

Caroline Belser

Patrick Wincker

Pedro H. Oliveira

Jean-Marc Aury

Leanne Haggerty

Swati Sinha

Fergal Martin

Chiara Bortoluzzi

Downloads over the last 12 months:

Cited by

via Crossref