ERGA-BGE chromosome-level genome assembly of the giant stream lacewing 
                    Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli, 1763)

Marius F. Maurstad; Dominik Kusy; Eivind A. B. Undheim; Kjetill S. Jakobsen; Astrid Böhne; Rita Monteiro; Thomas Marcussen; Torsten H. Struck; Rebekah A. Oomen; Ignas Bunikis; Christian Tellgren-Roth; Julia Heintz; Susana Häggqvist; Linnea Jonsäll; Nina Lager; Tuuli Larva; Mai-Britt Mosbech; Martin Pippel; Olga Vinnere Pettersson; Chiara Bortoluzzi

doi:10.12688/openreseurope.23457.3

ERGA-BGE chromosome-level genome assembly of the giant stream lacewing Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli, 1763)

Marius F. Maurstad ,
Dominik Kusy ,
Eivind A. B. Undheim ,
Kjetill S. Jakobsen ,
Astrid Böhne ,
Rita Monteiro ,
Thomas Marcussen ,
Torsten H. Struck ,
Rebekah A. Oomen ,
Ignas Bunikis
,
Christian Tellgren-Roth ,
Julia Heintz
,
Susana Häggqvist
,
Linnea Jonsäll
,
Nina Lager
,
Tuuli Larva ,
Mai-Britt Mosbech ,
Martin Pippel
,
Olga Vinnere Pettersson
,
Chiara Bortoluzzi

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September 9, 2026

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https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23457.3

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September 9, 2026 (Version of Record 2.0)
June 13, 2026 (Version of Record 1.0)
April 28, 2026 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

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Genome Reports from the Biodiversity Genomics Europe Project

European Research Council

Grant ID(s): 101039862
European Commission

Grant ID(s): 101059492, CZ.02.01.01/00/22_010/0013054
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)

Grant ID(s): 22.00173and24.00054

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Osmylus fulvicephalus, genome assembly, European Reference Genome Atlas, Biodiversity Genomics Europe, Earth Biogenome Project, giant stream lacewing, Osmylidae, Neuroptera

Abstract

The giant stream lacewing, Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli, 1763), is a widespread European species belonging to the insect order Neuroptera. Its cryptic larvae are predators found at the banks of streams and smaller rivers where they use their piercing, lance-shaped stylets to inject venom into their arthropod prey. Here, we present the reference genome of the giant stream lacewing as a crucial resource for uncovering the genetic basis of venom evolution in Neuroptera. The chromosome-level genome encompasses 674.7 Mb and is composed of 60 contigs and 24 scaffolds where 99.2% of the assembly is distributed among the 6 contiguous chromosomal pseudomolecules and two sex chromosomes (X and Y). Contig and scaffold N50 have a value of 51.5 Mb and 116.2 Mb, respectively. This reference genome is the first genomic resource from the family of lance lacewings, providing valuable data for clarifying the phylogenetic placement of the family Osmylidae within Neuroptera.

Corresponding author

Marius F. Maurstad

0000-0001-7894-1693

m.f.maurstad@ibv.uio.no

Grant information

Biodiversity Genomics Europe (Grant no. 101059492) is funded by Horizon Europe under the Biodiversity, Circular Economy and Environment call (REA.B.3); co-funded by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract numbers 22.00173 and 24.00054; and by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) under the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy’s Horizon Europe Guarantee Scheme. M.F.M and E.A.B.U were supported by the European Research Council (Horizon Europe Starting Grant no. 101039862 awarded to E.A.B.U). D.K. was partly supported by MSCA Fellowship at Palacký University in Olomouc IV project no. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_010/0013054.

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

© 2026 Marius F. Maurstad (Corresponding Author, Co-Author); Dominik Kusy (Co-Author); Eivind A. B. Undheim (Co-Author); Kjetill S. Jakobsen (Co-Author); Astrid Böhne (Co-Author); Rita Monteiro (Co-Author); Thomas Marcussen (Co-Author); Torsten H. Struck (Co-Author); Rebekah A. Oomen (Co-Author); Ignas Bunikis (Co-Author); Christian Tellgren-Roth (Co-Author); Julia Heintz (Co-Author); Susana Häggqvist (Co-Author); Linnea Jonsäll (Co-Author); Nina Lager (Co-Author); Tuuli Larva (Co-Author); Mai-Britt Mosbech (Co-Author); Martin Pippel (Co-Author); Olga Vinnere Pettersson (Co-Author); Chiara Bortoluzzi (Co-Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

First version published

April 28, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23457.1)

Latest version published

September 9, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23457.3)

Revised

Amendment

In this revised version of the genome report of Osmylus fulvicephalus we have addressed all major and minor comments raised by all reviewers. Briefly, we now provide more information on the materials and methods section regarding both the DNA/RNA processing and genome assembly step, clarifying why the HiC dataset was suboptimal for assembly.

Introduction

Osmylus fulvicephalus is a member of the small family Osmylidae (giant lacewings), within the order Neuroptera (net-winged insects). This family comprises relatively few species globally, with O. fulvicephalus being the sole representative in Europe (Kriska, 2023). The species has a broad European distribution, ranging from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west, through southern Scandinavia in the north, to the southern Balkans in the southeast. Within the Czech Republic, the species is found predominantly at mid-elevation localities where suitable riparian habitats are present.

Osmylus fulvicephalus has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List and is not listed under any international conservation conventions. At the regional level (Czech Republic), the species is locally relatively abundant but absent from many areas. Its populations may be threatened primarily by insensitive regulation of smaller watercourses and water pollution.

Osmylus fulvicephalus is closely associated with small to medium-sized watercourses with abundant riparian vegetation (Miguélez & Valladares, 2008). The predatory larvae inhabit detritus along stream banks and also hunt below the water surface. Adults are active from approximately May to July, resting on nearby vegetation and displaying a slow, fluttering flight when disturbed. The species occasionally exhibits mass aggregation behaviour at specific sites such as shrubs or under bridges (Elliott, 2009, pers. obs.). Both larvae and adults are predators, with larvae found to be feeding on small arthropods such as mites and collembolans during the first larval stage, while in the second and third stages they mainly feed on larvae of Chironomidae and Tipulidae (Elliott, 2009; Miguélez & Valladares, 2008) and Gammarus fossarum (pers. obs.) ( Figure 1). In addition, adults also feed on other items such as pollen (Devetak & Duelli, 2007).

Figure 1. Overview of habitat, feeding strategy, and developmental stages.

A) Sampling locality habitat. B) Larvae in situ on the underside of a submerged stone. C) Larva feeding on Gammarus fossarum. D) Larva constructing a silk chamber prior to pupation. E) Pupa. F) Adult.

Neuroptera is a venomous insect lineage where the larvae have evolved specialized maxillary stylets through which they inject paralyzing and liquefying venom (Fischer et al., 2024; Maurstad et al., 2026). The giant stream lacewing represents an early branch of Neuroptera, and therefore its genome will be crucial for uncovering the evolutionary history of the venom system in Neuroptera. Furthermore, the phylogenetic positioning of Osmylidae within Osmyloidea is still unresolved (Lai et al., 2025; Vasilikopoulos et al., 2020), which this genomic resource will help address.

The generation of this reference resource was coordinated by the European Reference Genome Atlas (ERGA) initiative’s Biodiversity Genomics Europe (BGE) project, supporting ERGA’s aims of promoting transnational cooperation to promote advances in the application of genomics technologies to protect and restore biodiversity (Mazzoni et al., 2023).

Materials & Methods

ERGA’s sequencing strategy includes Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and/or Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) for long-read sequencing, along with Hi-C sequencing for chromosomal architecture, Illumina Paired-End (PE) for polishing (i.e. recommended for ONT-only assemblies), and RNA sequencing for transcriptomic profiling, to facilitate genome assembly and annotation.

Sample and sampling information

On 9 June 2024, Dominik Kusy sampled multiple larvae and five adult specimens of Osmylus fulvicephalus. The five adult specimens were all males. The specimens were identified by Dominik Kusy based on morphology, which for the species is characteristic of the Osmylidae family. Larvae were collected among stones along the bank of a small stream in Cvrčovický Potok, Milovice, Czech Republic (49.575420, 17.282286), then transferred to the laboratory and reared until adult emergence, at which point sex was determined. Adults were collected at a nearby site (49.214813, 17.353428) beneath a small concrete bridge spanning the same stream. Individuals were found resting singly on the bridge walls. Following sex determination, specimens were euthanised by being flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and were preserved at -80 °C until DNA extraction. No permits were required for sampling.

Vouchering information

No physical reference material for the sequenced specimen has been deposited in a collection, but additional DNA and RNA material can be accessed at Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change https://bonn.leibniz-lib.de/en/ under IDs ZFMK-DNA-FD20030308 and ZFMK-RNA-FD20030344. No reference tissue material for the sequenced specimen has been deposited in a biobank. One digital image (e-voucher) of the sequenced individual is available from the ERGA’s EBI BioImageArchive dataset https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/bioimages/studies/S-BIAD1012?query=ERGA under accession ID SAMEA115755031.

Genetic information

The estimated genome size, based on ancestral taxa, is 0.49 Gb. This is a diploid genome with a haploid number of 8 chromosomes (2n = 16) (Challis et al., 2023). The male is the heterogametic sex with XY sex determination system. The closest related species within the same genus has 6 autosomes and XY chromosomes (Hirai, 1956). All information for this species was retrieved from Genomes on a Tree (Challis et al., 2023).

DNA/RNA processing

DNA was extracted from the whole specimen of a single adult male (wings were removed) following PacBio’s instruction described in “Procedure & checklist Extracting HMW DNA from insects using the Nanobind^® PanDNA kit” (REV02 JAN2025) . In short, the sample was crushed on ice using a pellet pestle, followed by CT washes. Lysis and digestion were then performed using Proteinase K and subsequent RNase treatment. The lysate was then filtered, after which the DNA was bound to a Nanobind disk. The disk underwent multiple wash steps before the purified HMW DNA was finally eluted. Quantification was performed using a Qubit dsDNA BR Assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and integrity was assessed using a FemtoPulse system (Agilent). DNA was stored at 4 °C until usage. The biobank barcode for the adult male is FD20030308.

RNA was extracted from a whole body of single adult female using the TRIzol Reagent and Phasemaker Tubes Complete System (Invitrogen Cat #A33250) following the Invitrogen user guide (Pub. No. MAN0016163 Rev. A.0) except for steps 2.a. and 3.d., which were omitted. RNA was resuspended in 87.5 μl RNase-free water and immediately subjected to DNase treatment followed by purification according to the RNeasy Micro Handbook (pages 74 and 53). Quantity and integrity were assessed using the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer instrument. The eluted RNA was stored at −70°C. The Biobank barcode for the adult female is FD20030344.

Library preparation and sequencing

One PacBio SMRTbell library was constructed from 3 μg DNA according to the PacBio protocol “Preparing whole genome and metagenome libraries using SMRTbell prep kit 3.0” (PN 102–982-300 (Rev 06 Jan 2025)). DNA shearing was done using the Megaruptor 3 (Diagenode), followed by a clean-up step using PacBio cleanup beads. Adapter ligation was performed overnight. Size selection was performed on PippinHT (Sage Science) using the 0.75% 6-10 k HighPass 75e protocol. Primer annealing and polymerase binding were performed using the Revio SPRQ polymerase kit (PN 103–496-900). Finally, one Revio SMRTcell 25 M was sequenced on the PacBio Revio System. Hi-C library was generated from whole body of a single male as described in the User Guide for Library Preparation for Arima High Coverage HiC Kit (A160186 v02) (Arima Genomics) and sequenced on the NovaSeq X Plus system and XLEAP-SBS sequencing chemistry (Illumina Inc.). RNA sequencing library was prepared from 100 ng total RNA using the TruSeq stranded mRNA library preparation kit (cat# 20020595, Illumina Inc.) including polyA selection. Unique dual indexes (cat# 20022371, Illumina Inc.) were used. The library preparation was performed according to the manufacturers’ protocol (#1000000040498). The library was sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq X Plus system on a 25B flow cell using paired-end 150 bp read length and XLEAP-SBS sequencing chemistry. In total 164x HiFi and 49x HiC data were sequenced to generate the assembly.

Genome assembly methods

The genome was assembled using the Earth Biogenome Project - Genome Assembly Workflow (https://workflowhub.eu/workflows/1106, git commit: e6e9c1621b). Briefly, reads were randomly subsampled to a targeted 60X read coverage from the total dataset (164x) using a custom Python script that sequentially collected reads until the target sequence yield was achieved. Reads were then filtered for a minimum length of 1,000 bp, with no additional filtering or weighting applied for read quality. Initial contigs were assembled using hifiasm v0.25.0-r726, followed by contamination removal with FCS-GX (git commit: v0.5.4–5-g5dfd516). Retained haplotig sequences were annotated with purge_dups v.1.2.6. Due to a low yield of long-range intra-chromosomal interactions in the Hi-C dataset (cis > 1 kb: 3.5%; cis > 40 kb: 2.6%, despite a ~25% duplication rate), automated Hi-C scaffolding was insufficient for resolving long-range chromosomal structure. Consequently, scaffolding was performed via manual curation using the curationpretext pipeline (https://pipelines.tol.sanger.ac.uk/curationpretext, v1.5.1), PretextView v1.0.5 and the Rapid Curation Toolkit (https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation ). In this step additional information from tiara (https://github.com/ibe-uw/tiara v1.0.3), a deep-learning-based sequence classifying tool, MitoHifi v3.2.3, BlobtoolKit v4.4.5 and purge_dups were incorporated to facilitate the curation process. A synteny analysis based on GCA_958496175, GCA_958496155, GCF_905475395.1 and GCA_020423425.1 confirmed the sex chromosomes X and Y and the curated scaffold joins of the six autosomes. Finally, the mitochondrial genome was assembled as a single circular contig of 21080 bp using the MitoHifi pipeline based on the reference sequence NC_050653.1 and the subsampled Hifi read set and is available together with the genome assembly under the ENA umbrella project PRJEB91535.

Results

Genome assembly

The genome was assembled into one haplotype using Hi-C phasing and was curated to chromosome level ( Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1. Genome assembly statistics.

Genome assembly
Assembly name	inOsmFulv5.1
Assembly accession	GCA_977109365.1
Assembly level	Chromosome
Span (Gb)	0.67 Gb
Number of chromosomes	6 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes (X, Y)
Number of contigs	60
Contig N50 (bp)	51,542,635
Number of scaffolds	24
Longest scaffold length (bp)	128,807,968
Scaffold N50 (bp)	116,168,846
Organelles (bp)	Mitochondrion (21,080)

Table 2. Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the genome assembly of Osmylus fulvicephalus, inOsmFulv5.1 reference.

INSDC accession	Chromosome	Size (Mb)	GC%
OZ372949.1	1	128.80	36.0
OZ372950.1	2	125.49	36.0
OZ372951.1	3	116.16	36.0
OZ372952.1	4	93.17	37.0
OZ372953.1	5	81.86	36.5
OZ372954.1	6	79.51	36.5
OZ372955.1	X	34.67	35.5
OZ372956.1	Y	9.62	39.0
OZ372948.1	MT	0.21	-

The genome assembly has a total length of 674,668,284 bp in 24 scaffolds including the mitogenome ( Figures 2 and 3), with a GC content of 36.3%. The assembly has a contig N50 of 51,542,635 bp and L50 of 5 and a scaffold N50 of 116,168,846 bp and L50 of 3. The assembly has a total of 36 gaps, totalling 7.2 kb in cumulative size. The single-copy gene content analysis using the Arthropoda database (odb10) with BUSCO (Manni et al., 2021) resulted in 98.4% completeness (97.9% single and 0.5% duplicated). 87.8% of reads k-mers were present in the assembly and the assembly has a base accuracy Quality Value (QV) of 68.5 as calculated by Merqury (Rhie et al., 2020).

Figure 2. Snail plot summary of assembly statistics.

The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference, with each bin representing 0.1% of the 674,668,284 bp assembly including the mitochondrial genome. The distribution of sequence lengths is shown in dark grey, with the plot radius scaled to the longest sequence present in the assembly (129 Mb, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the scaffold N50 and N90 sequence lengths (116,168,846 and 79,514,024 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative sequence count on a log-scale, with white scale lines showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes found in the assembled genome from the Arthropoda database (odb10) is shown in the top right.

Figure 3. Hi-C contact map showing spatial interactions between regions of the genome.

The diagonal corresponds to intra-chromosomal contacts, depicting chromosome boundaries. The frequency of contacts is shown on a logarithmic heatmap scale. Hi-C matrix bins were merged into a 200 kb bin size for plotting.

Author contributions

DK collected the species; DK identified the species; DK and MFM sampled and preserved biological material and provided metadata; AsB, RM, TM, THS, RAO, DK, MFM, EABU, and KSJ provided support in sampling, shipping of biological material, metadata collection, and management; JH and M-BM extracted DNA and RNA; NL and LJ performed HiFi library preparation and sequencing under supervision of SH and coordination of OVP coordinated; CTR and IB performed raw data processing and data QC; TL prepared Hi-C DNA and library; MP performed genome assembly and curation; CB generated the analysis; CB, DK and MFM drafted the report. All authors contributed to the writing, review, and editing of this genome note and read and approved the final version.

Data availability

Osmylus fulvicephalus and the related genomic study were assigned to Tree of Life ID (ToLID) ‘inOsmFulv5’ and all sample, sequence, and assembly information are available under the umbrella BioProject PRJEB91535. The sample information is available at the following BioSample accessions: SAMEA115755033 and SAMEA115755034. The genome assembly is accessible from ENA under accession number GCA_977109365.1 and the annotated genome will be made available through the Ensembl website (https://projects.ensembl.org/erga-bge /). Sequencing data produced as part of this project are available from ENA at the following accessions: ERX14574817 and ERX14538627. Documentation related to the genome assembly and curation can be found in the ERGA Assembly Report (EAR) document available at https://github.com/ERGA-consortium/EARs/tree/main/Assembly_Reports/Osmylus_fulvicephalus/inOsmFulv5. Further details and data about the project are hosted on the ERGA portal at https://portal.erga-biodiversity.eu/data_portal/446453.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support of the Freiburg Galaxy Team: Saim Momin and Björn Grüning, Bioinformatics, University of Freiburg (Germany), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research BMBF grant 031 A538A de. NBI-RBC and the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-Württemberg (MWK) within the framework of LIBIS/de. NBI Freiburg. We would like to acknowledge the assembly reviewer Adama Ndar from Genoscope. RNA library preparation and Illumina sequencing were performed by the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala. The facility is part of the National Genomics Infrastructure (NGI) Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory. The SNP&SEQ Platform is also supported by the Swedish Research Council and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. We acknowledge Diego de Panis for this support in the genome assembly and curation step. We also acknowledge the assembly reviewer Adama Ndar from Genoscope.

References

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Fischer ML, Schmidtberg H, Tidswell O, et al.: Divergent venom effectors correlate with ecological niche in neuropteran predators. Communications Biology. 2024; 7(1): 981. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
Hirai H: Cytotaxonomic studies of the Japanese Neuroptera I. The Osmyloidea. Jap. J. Genet. 1956; 31: 54–64. Publisher Full Text
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Lai Y, Du S, Li H, et al.: Lacewing-specific Universal Single Copy Orthologs designed towards resolution of backbone phylogeny of Neuropterida. Syst. Entomol. 2025; 50(2): 309–324. Publisher Full Text
Manni M, Berkeley MR, Seppey M, et al.: BUSCO update: Novel and streamlined workflows along with broader and deeper phylogenetic coverage for scoring of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021; 38(10): 4647–4654. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text
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Publication information

Section

Data Note

Published

September 9, 2026

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23457.3

Versions

September 9, 2026 (Version of Record 2.0)
June 13, 2026 (Version of Record 1.0)
April 28, 2026 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

Included in

Collections

Genome Reports from the Biodiversity Genomics Europe Project

Funding data

European Research Council

Grant ID(s): 101039862
European Commission

Grant ID(s): 101059492, CZ.02.01.01/00/22_010/0013054
UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)
Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI)

Grant ID(s): 22.00173and24.00054

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Keywords

Osmylus fulvicephalus, genome assembly, European Reference Genome Atlas, Biodiversity Genomics Europe, Earth Biogenome Project, giant stream lacewing, Osmylidae, Neuroptera

Comments

Marius F. Maurstad

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Roles

Corresponding Author, Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-7894-1693

m.f.maurstad@ibv.uio.no

Dominik Kusy

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-8893-8981

dominik.kusy2@gmail.com

Eivind A. B. Undheim

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-8667-3999

e.a.b.undheim@ibv.uio.no

Kjetill S. Jakobsen

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-8861-5397

k.s.jakobsen@ibv.uio.no

Astrid Böhne

Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Berlin, 53113, Germany

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-1284-3115

A.Boehne@leibniz-lib.de

Rita Monteiro

Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Museum Koenig Bonn, Bonn, Berlin, 53113, Germany

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-1374-4474

R.Monteiro@leibniz-lib.de

Thomas Marcussen

Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

University of Oslo Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Oslo, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-1960-9508

thomarc@ibv.uio.no

Torsten H. Struck

Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-3280-6239

t.h.struck@nhm.uio.no

Rebekah A. Oomen

Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

University of Oslo Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Oslo, Norway

Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick Saint Joh, Saint John, Canada

Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Methodology, Project Administration, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-2094-5592

rebekahoomen@gmail.com

Ignas Bunikis

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

ignas.bunikis@igp.uu.se

Christian Tellgren-Roth

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-0502-3693

christian.tellgren@igp.uu.se

Julia Heintz

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

julia.heintz@igp.uu.se

Susana Häggqvist

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

susana.haggqvist@igp.uu.se

Linnea Jonsäll

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

linnea.jonsall@igp.uu.se

Nina Lager

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

nina.lager@igp.uu.se

Tuuli Larva

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

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Co-Author, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0009-0008-7630-6846

tuuli.lundback-larva@igp.uu.se

Mai-Britt Mosbech

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-6068-0971

mai-britt.mosbech@igp.uu.se

Martin Pippel

SciLifeLab Bioinformatics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure, Uppsala University, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 3037, 750 03, Sweden

Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 596, 751 24, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Review & Editing

martin.pippel@icm.uu.se

Olga Vinnere Pettersson

National Genomics Infrastructure, Uppsala Genome Center, SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Box 815, 751 08, Sweden

Roles

Co-Author, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – Review & Editing

olga.pettersson@igp.uu.se

Chiara Bortoluzzi

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Amphipôle, Quartier UNIL-Sorge, Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland

Roles

Co-Author, Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-6589-6635

chiara.bortoluzzi@sib.swiss

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[1] Challis R, Kumar S, Sotero-Caio C, et al.: Genomes on a Tree (GoaT): A versatile, scalable search engine for genomic and sequencing project metadata across the eukaryotic tree of life. Wellcome Open Research. 2023; 8: 24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[2] Devetak D, Duelli P: Intestinal contents of adult Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scop.) (Neuroptera, Osmylidae). Annales: Series Historia Naturalis. 2007; 17(1): 93. Reference Source

[3] Elliott JM: Freshwater Megaloptera and Neuroptera of Britain and Ireland: Keys to adults and larvae, and a review of their ecology.2009. Publisher Full Text

[4] Fischer ML, Schmidtberg H, Tidswell O, et al.: Divergent venom effectors correlate with ecological niche in neuropteran predators. Communications Biology. 2024; 7(1): 981. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[5] Hirai H: Cytotaxonomic studies of the Japanese Neuroptera I. The Osmyloidea. Jap. J. Genet. 1956; 31: 54–64. Publisher Full Text

[6] Kriska G: Freshwater invertebrates in Central Europe: A field guide. Springer Nature. 2023. Reference Source

[7] Lai Y, Du S, Li H, et al.: Lacewing-specific Universal Single Copy Orthologs designed towards resolution of backbone phylogeny of Neuropterida. Syst. Entomol. 2025; 50(2): 309–324. Publisher Full Text

[8] Manni M, Berkeley MR, Seppey M, et al.: BUSCO update: Novel and streamlined workflows along with broader and deeper phylogenetic coverage for scoring of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2021; 38(10): 4647–4654. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[9] Maurstad MF, Ramiro IBL, Oeyen JP, et al.: The green lacewing venom system and the complex mechanisms underlying its evolution. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2026; 43(1): msaf326. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[10] Mazzoni CJ, Ciofi C, Waterhouse RM: Biodiversity: An atlas of European reference genomes. Nature. 2023; 619: 252–252. Publisher Full Text

[11] Miguélez D, Valladares LF: Contribución al conocimiento de Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli, 1763) en el área cantábrica: Distribución y características del hábitat de su larva (Planipennia, Osmylidae). Graellsia. 2008; 64(2): 345–348. Publisher Full Text

[12] Rhie A, Walenz BP, Koren S, et al.: Merqury: Reference-free quality, completeness, and phasing assessment for genome assemblies. Genome Biol. 2020; 21(1): 245. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

[13] Vasilikopoulos A, Misof B, Meusemann K, et al.: An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). BMC Evol. Biol. 2020; 20(1): 64. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

ERGA-BGE chromosome-level genome assembly of the giant stream lacewing Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scopoli, 1763)

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Marius F. Maurstad

Dominik Kusy

Eivind A. B. Undheim

Kjetill S. Jakobsen

Astrid Böhne

Rita Monteiro

Thomas Marcussen

Torsten H. Struck

Rebekah A. Oomen

Ignas Bunikis

Christian Tellgren-Roth

Julia Heintz

Susana Häggqvist

Linnea Jonsäll

Nina Lager

Tuuli Larva

Mai-Britt Mosbech

Martin Pippel

Olga Vinnere Pettersson

Chiara Bortoluzzi

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