Instruments for assessing parent-infant relationships: a scoping review protocol

Sónia Brandão; Patrícia Souto; Andreia Soares Gonçalves; Rosa Silva; Paula Prata; Anat Talmon; Ewa Gieysztor; Patrícia Gonçalves; Semra Pinar; Nicola Carone; Tânia Brandão; Alena Lochmannová; Özlem Şensoy; Esra Ardahan Akgül; Kristiina Uriko; Seda Ardahan Sevgili; Elif Bulut; Dora d'Orsi; Rajesh Shigdel; Demet Gülaldı; Otília Freitas; Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz; Lence Miloseva; Mirlinda Markaj; Gilberta Sousa; Pinar Gencpinar; Aycin Ezgi Onel; Carmen Power; Özlem Koç; Tuğçe Sönmez; Diana Azevedo; Edanur Tar Tar Bolacali; Bahar Aksoy; Burcu Kömürcü Akik; Ayça Demir Yıldırım; Hazal Özdemir Koyu; Wilson Abreu; Tuğba Yılmaz Esencan; Margarida Reis Santos; Mário Santos; Remziye Can; Anna-Lena Zietlow; Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez

doi:10.12688/openreseurope.23592.1

Instruments for assessing parent-infant relationships: a scoping review protocol

Sónia Brandão ,
Patrícia Souto
,
Andreia Soares Gonçalves ,
Rosa Silva ,
Paula Prata ,
Anat Talmon
,
Ewa Gieysztor
,
Patrícia Gonçalves
,
Semra Pinar
,
Nicola Carone ,
Tânia Brandão
,
Alena Lochmannová ,
Özlem Şensoy ,
Esra Ardahan Akgül
,
Kristiina Uriko ,
Seda Ardahan Sevgili ,
Elif Bulut
,
Dora d'Orsi ,
Rajesh Shigdel
,
Demet Gülaldı ,
Otília Freitas
,
Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz ,
Lence Miloseva ,
Mirlinda Markaj
,
Gilberta Sousa
,
Pinar Gencpinar
,
Aycin Ezgi Onel ,
Carmen Power
,
Özlem Koç
,
Tuğçe Sönmez
,
Diana Azevedo ,
Edanur Tar Tar Bolacali ,
Bahar Aksoy ,
Burcu Kömürcü Akik
,
Ayça Demir Yıldırım ,
Hazal Özdemir Koyu
,
Wilson Abreu
,
Tuğba Yılmaz Esencan ,
Margarida Reis Santos ,
Mário Santos ,
Remziye Can ,
Anna-Lena Zietlow
,
Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez

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Study Protocol

Published

May 16, 2026

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23592.1

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May 16, 2026 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

COST Actions

COST Action CA22114 – TREASURE
European Commission

Grant ID(s): CA22114

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assessment instruments, parent-infant relationship, psychometric properties, scoping review

Abstract

Background

The parent-infant relationship plays a central role in early emotional, cognitive, and social development. Difficulties in bonding, interaction, attachment, or parental sensitivity during the first two years of life may have lasting consequences for children and families, making early identification essential for timely support and intervention. Although a range of instruments has been developed to assess parent-infant relational processes, the evidence remains dispersed, and no comprehensive mapping of instruments specifically applicable from birth to 24 months has been identified. This scoping review aims to map the instruments used to assess parent-infant relationships during the first 24 months of life and to describe their main characteristics.

Methods

This scoping review protocol follows the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. Studies describing instruments used to assess the parent-infant relationship among parents of typically developing infants aged 0–24 months will be considered across any clinical, community, research, or cultural context. Eligible instruments may assess bonding, interaction, attachment, parental sensitivity, or related relational dimensions. Studies involving preterm infants, infants with medical conditions or developmental disorders, or instruments focused exclusively on parental stress or mental health without explicit assessment of relational dynamics will be excluded. A three-step search strategy will be used to identify published and unpublished studies and grey literature. Two reviewers will independently screen records, extract data using a piloted charting form, and summarise findings in tables and descriptive narrative form. The final scoping review will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). This review will provide an overview of available instruments, their characteristics, contexts of use, psychometric properties, adaptations, and short-form versions. This protocol is registered in the Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/HRVX9).

Plain Language Summary

The relationship between a parent and a baby is very important during the first two years of life. Early experiences of closeness, emotional connection, and day-to-day interaction can influence a child’s emotional, social, and cognitive development. When difficulties in this relationship are identified early, families can receive support sooner.

Many tools have been created to assess the parent-infant relationship. These include questionnaires, observation tools, interviews, and rating scales. However, the available information is spread across many studies, and it is not easy to know which instruments exist, what they measure, or in which settings they have been used.

This article presents the protocol for a scoping review. A protocol is a step-by-step plan that explains how the review will be carried out. Our review will identify and map instruments used to assess the parent-infant relationship from birth to 24 months of age. We will include studies from different countries and settings, such as healthcare, community, and research contexts. We will focus on typically developing infants and on instruments that assess aspects such as bonding, interaction, attachment, and parental sensitivity.

The findings will help researchers and health professionals better understand which instruments are available, how they are used, and where important gaps still exist.

Corresponding author

Sónia Brandão

0000-0001-8765-8240

soniabrandao@esenf.pt

Grant information

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No [CA22114](Maternal Perinatal Stress and Adverse Outcomes in the Offspring: Maximising infants´development ).

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

© 2026 Sónia Brandão (Corresponding Author, Co-Author); Patrícia Souto (Co-Author); Andreia Soares Gonçalves (Co-Author); Rosa Silva (Co-Author); Paula Prata (Co-Author); Anat Talmon (Co-Author); Ewa Gieysztor (Co-Author); Patrícia Gonçalves (Co-Author); Semra Pinar (Co-Author); Nicola Carone (Co-Author); Tânia Brandão (Co-Author); Alena Lochmannová (Co-Author); Özlem Şensoy (Co-Author); Esra Ardahan Akgül (Co-Author); Kristiina Uriko (Co-Author); Seda Ardahan Sevgili (Co-Author); Elif Bulut (Co-Author); Dora d'Orsi (Co-Author); Rajesh Shigdel (Co-Author); Demet Gülaldı (Co-Author); Otília Freitas (Co-Author); Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz (Co-Author); Lence Miloseva (Co-Author); Mirlinda Markaj (Co-Author); Gilberta Sousa (Co-Author); Pinar Gencpinar (Co-Author); Aycin Ezgi Onel (Co-Author); Carmen Power (Co-Author); Özlem Koç (Co-Author); Tuğçe Sönmez (Co-Author); Diana Azevedo (Co-Author); Edanur Tar Tar Bolacali (Co-Author); Bahar Aksoy (Co-Author); Burcu Kömürcü Akik (Co-Author); Ayça Demir Yıldırım (Co-Author); Hazal Özdemir Koyu (Co-Author); Wilson Abreu (Co-Author); Tuğba Yılmaz Esencan (Co-Author); Margarida Reis Santos (Co-Author); Mário Santos (Co-Author); Remziye Can (Co-Author); Anna-Lena Zietlow (Co-Author); Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez (Co-Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

First version published

May 16, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23592.1)

Latest version published

May 16, 2026 (https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23592.1)

Introduction

Early childhood development is a global health priority, closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (United Nations, 2016). Experiences and care during this period lay the foundation for health and development across the lifespan (Britto et al., 2017). The first 1,000 days of life, from pregnancy to a child’s second birthday, represent a particularly sensitive and influential developmental window (United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017). During this time, the brain undergoes rapid growth and major changes in communication, social functioning, emotional regulation, and cognitive development (Hodel, 2018; Sanefuji et al., 2021). Because early neurodevelopment is highly responsive to environmental influences, both positive and negative, timely support during this period can have lasting effects on child and family well-being (Hodel, 2018; United Nations Children’s Fund, 2017).

Contemporary parenting takes place in increasingly complex and changing contexts shaped by sociodemographic transitions, migration, technological advances, globalized information, inequalities in access to care, varied levels of health literacy, changing family structures, and diverse cultural values related to family life and caregiving. These transformations influence parenting experiences and caregiving practices and reinforce the importance of supporting healthy parent-infant relationships across settings and populations.

The parent-infant relationship is a dynamic, reciprocal, and evolving emotional and behavioural connection that develops through repeated interactions between a caregiver and an infant (Parent-Infant Foundation, 2023). It provides the foundation for attachment, co-regulation, and socioemotional and cognitive development (Parent-Infant Foundation, 2023). A substantial body of research has shown that the quality of early parent-infant interactions is associated with developmental outcomes and life trajectories (Ainsworth, 1979; Bowlby, 1982; Bozicevic et al., 2022; Frosch et al., 2021; Kiel & Kalomiris, 2015; Rusanen et al., 2024). This relationship is shaped by multiple factors, including parental mental health, cultural beliefs, and environmental stressors (Aktar et al., 2019; Stein et al., 2014). Central to this process is sensitive and responsive caregiving, defined as the caregiver’s ability to perceive, interpret, and respond appropriately and promptly to the infant’s cues (Ainsworth, 1979). Such responsiveness promotes secure attachment, emotional regulation, and socio-cognitive development (Gagliardi, 2021; Lucas et al., 2018; Radoš et al., 2020; Radoš et al., 2024).

Supporting parents during this early period can enhance child development and well-being, promoting positive outcomes for both parents and infants (Barlow et al., 2021; Blizzard et al., 2018; Feinberg & Kan, 2008; Givrad et al., 2021). Early identification of difficulties in bonding, interaction, attachment, or parental responsiveness is therefore essential to enable timely and targeted support (de Cock et al., 2016; Toivo et al., 2023). However, the identification and characterization of such difficulties depend on the availability and appropriate use of assessment instruments. The choice of instrument is therefore important not only for clinical assessment and decision-making, but also for research comparability and the development of evidence-informed, family-centred care (Swan et al., 2023).

Several instruments have been developed to assess different dimensions of the parent-infant relationship. Some focus on postnatal bonding, such as the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ; Brockington et al., 2006); others assess interaction quality, such as the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA; Clark, 1999) and the Parent-Infant Interaction Observation Scale (PIIOS; Svanberg et al., 2013). Instruments such as the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS; Condon & Corkindale, 1998) examine attachment-related aspects. However, these instruments differ in their theoretical foundations, constructs assessed, format, timing of administration, and context of use. Given the complexity of the parent-infant relationship and the practical constraints of healthcare and research settings, careful consideration is needed regarding what should be assessed, when, where, and how (McClimans, 2017; Swan et al., 2023).

Although the importance of the parent-infant relationship is widely recognized, information on instruments used to assess this construct during the first 24 months of life remains dispersed across the literature. As a result, it is difficult to obtain a comprehensive overview of which instruments are available, what dimensions they assess, how they have been applied, and what is known about their characteristics and measurement properties. Mapping this body of evidence is therefore necessary to identify the scope of available instruments, describe their main features, and highlight gaps in the literature (Levac et al., 2010; Peters et al., 2024). Such a review may support clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in selecting appropriate tools and guide future research in this field.

A preliminary search of PROSPERO, PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and JBI Evidence Synthesis identified no published or ongoing scoping review addressing this topic. Some systematic reviews have examined specific dimensions of the parent-infant relationship, including parent-report measures of bonding or attachment (Nascimento et al., 2023; Wittkowski et al., 2020) and clinician-rated measures (Shone et al., 2025). However, these reviews have focused on narrower aspects of the construct and do not provide a broad mapping of instruments used to assess the parent-infant relationship from birth to 24 months of age. Therefore, this scoping review will provide a comprehensive overview of instruments used to assess the parent-infant relationship during the first two years of life.

Protocol

Objective and review questions

The aim of this scoping review is to map the instruments used to assess parent-infant relationships during the first 24 months of life and to describe their main characteristics. The review will address the following questions: (1) What instruments are available to assess the parent-infant relationship from birth to 24 months? and (2) What are the key characteristics of these instruments, including their theoretical foundation, target constructs, psychometric properties, application, response options, score range, and number of items? In addition, the review will explore which instruments have been adapted, validated, or culturally and/or linguistically modified from their original versions, and which instruments offer short-form or simplified versions.

Protocol registration and reporting

This protocol has been registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/HRVX9). The review will be conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews (Peters et al., 2024) and the final review will be reported in line with the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) (Tricco et al., 2018).

Eligibility criteria

Participants

This review will include studies involving parents of typically developing infants aged 0–24 months. Eligible participants include biological parents, adoptive parents, single parents, and parents with minoritized sexual and/or gender identities.

Studies involving preterm infants born before 37 weeks of gestation or infants with known medical conditions or developmental disorders, such as low birth weight, congenital anomalies, genetic syndromes, or neurodevelopmental disorders, will be excluded. These conditions are known to influence early parent-infant interactions and bonding processes (Ionio et al., 2017; Korja et al., 2012; Treyvaud et al., 2019). Studies involving parents with formally diagnosed psychological disorders, based on diagnostic criteria such as the DSM-IV, DSM-5, or ICD-11, will also be excluded. By focusing on typically developing infants, this review seeks to examine how parent-infant relationships are assessed under standard developmental conditions.

Concept

This review will include instruments that assess one or more dimensions of the parent-infant relationship, including bonding, interaction patterns, attachment-related behaviours, and parental sensitivity or responsiveness. The parent-infant relationship is understood here as a multidimensional construct encompassing emotional, behavioural, and cognitive exchanges between a parent and an infant during the first 24 months of life (Parent-Infant Foundation, 2023).

Bonding refers to the parent’s emotional connection with the infant and is often assessed through self-report instruments such as the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (Brockington et al., 2006) or the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (Taylor et al., 2005). Interaction patterns involve observable reciprocal behaviours between parent and infant, such as synchrony, mutual gaze, turn-taking, and responsiveness, and may be assessed through observational tools such as the Parent-Infant Interaction Observation Scale (Svanberg et al., 2013). Attachment-related aspects may be examined through instruments such as the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (Condon & Corkindale, 1998). Parental sensitivity and responsiveness refer to the caregiver’s ability to accurately perceive and appropriately respond to the infant’s cues and may be assessed using tools such as the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (Clark, 1999).

Eligible instruments may assess a single relational dimension or multiple dimensions, provided that they explicitly focus on relational processes involving both parent and infant. Instruments that assess parenting stress, parental mental health, or infant developmental outcomes without explicitly assessing relational dynamics will be excluded. Eligible instruments may include self-report questionnaires, structured or semi-structured interviews, observational tools, and other validated or experimental assessment approaches. Instruments covering age ranges beyond 24 months will not be excluded if they also include the 0–24-month period.

Context

All practice and research settings will be considered, including clinical, community, and academic contexts. Studies from all geographical regions and cultural contexts will be eligible for inclusion. Information on the contexts in which instruments have been applied will be extracted to support interpretation of their applicability across different settings and populations.

Types of sources

This scoping review will consider quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies that provide information on instruments used to assess parent-infant relationships during the first two years of life. Systematic reviews, text and opinion papers, conference abstracts, conference proceedings, unpublished studies, and grey literature will also be considered where they provide relevant information about assessment instruments. Studies focusing exclusively on outcomes of the parent-infant relationship without describing the assessment instruments used will be excluded.

Search strategy

The search strategy will aim to identify both published and unpublished studies relevant to instruments used to assess the parent-infant relationship. An initial limited search of MEDLINE (PubMed) and CINAHL Complete (EBSCO) was conducted to identify relevant articles and to analyse keywords, text words, and index terms used in titles and abstracts. These terms informed the development of the search strategy for MEDLINE, which will then be adapted for each included database.

No restrictions will be applied regarding publication date or language. Documents published in languages other than English will be translated using DeepL or Google Translate. If translation is not feasible through these tools and no member of the review team is able to assess the text, the study will be excluded and the reason for exclusion will be documented.

The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), APA PsycINFO (EBSCO), Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Nursing & Allied Health Database (ProQuest), MedicLatina, and SciELO. To identify grey literature, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and British Library EThOS will also be searched. Screening and data charting materials supporting this protocol are available as extended data through the Open Science Framework project.

Study selection

Following the search, all identified records will be collated and uploaded to Covidence systematic review software, where duplicates will be removed. After pilot testing of the screening process, two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria. Potentially relevant records will be retrieved in full text and assessed independently by two reviewers.

Reasons for exclusion at the full-text stage will be recorded and reported in the final review. Disagreements between reviewers at any stage will be resolved through discussion or, where necessary, with the involvement of a third reviewer. Authors of published or unpublished studies may be contacted to clarify unclear or missing information. The selection process will be presented in a PRISMA flow diagram (Page et al., 2021).

Data extraction

Data will be extracted independently by two reviewers using a draft charting form developed by the review team. Extracted information will include details related to participants, concept, context, study methods, and key findings relevant to the review questions. The draft extraction form will be piloted and revised as necessary during the review process. Any modifications made to the charting form will be described in the final review. Where required, authors of included studies will be contacted up to two times to request missing or additional information.

Data presentation and synthesis

Extracted data will be presented in tabular and/or diagrammatic form in a way that aligns with the objective and review questions of this scoping review. For the first review question, data will include authors, year of publication, country, study aims, study design, target population and sample size, setting, and type of instrument. For the second review question, data will include key characteristics of each instrument, such as original language, year of development, theoretical foundation, target constructs, application details, response options, score range, number of items, and psychometric properties. Additional tables will be used to capture information on culturally or linguistically adapted versions and on short-form or simplified versions of instruments. A narrative summary will accompany the tabulated results and explain how the findings relate to the review questions.

Dissemination

The findings of this scoping review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal and through dissemination activities within the COST Action TREASURE network. The review is expected to support researchers, clinicians, and other stakeholders in identifying available instruments and understanding their characteristics, contexts of use, and current evidence gaps.

Conclusions

This scoping review will provide a comprehensive overview of the instruments used to assess parent-infant relationships during the first 24 months of life. By mapping the available tools and describing their main characteristics, including their theoretical foundations, constructs assessed, application, psychometric properties, adaptations, and short-form versions, the review is expected to support researchers and clinicians in identifying appropriate instruments for use in research and practice.

The review may also help to clarify how the parent-infant relationship has been operationalised across different settings, populations, and cultural contexts, and to identify areas where evidence remains limited or fragmented. This may inform future methodological work, cross-cultural adaptation, and research on the use and development of assessment instruments in early childhood and family care.

A potential limitation of the review is that some relevant instruments or supporting materials may be difficult to identify if they are insufficiently described in published reports or are only available in grey literature or non-English sources. Nevertheless, the broad search strategy, inclusion of grey literature, and use of transparent screening and data charting procedures are intended to maximise the comprehensiveness and usefulness of the review.

Ethics and consent

Ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study because it is a protocol for a scoping review based on published literature, unpublished studies, and grey literature, and does not involve the collection of primary data from human participants. The review will be conducted using publicly available or retrievable sources and in accordance with established methodological guidance for scoping reviews.

Data availability

Underlying data

No underlying data are associated with this article because this manuscript is a study protocol for a scoping review.

Extended data

Open Science Framework (OSF) project: Instruments for the assessment of parent-infant relationships: A scoping review protocol. https://osf.io/n6cvz/files/osfstorage (Brandão et al., 2025).

Persistent identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HRVX9

This OSF project contains the following extended data supporting this protocol:

• Phase 1 – Title and Abstract Screening.pdf
• Phase 2 – Full-Text Screening.pdf
• Data Extraction Instrument.pdf
• Data Presentation Template-Question 1.pdf
• Data Presentation Template-Question 2.pdf
• Data Presentation Template-SubQuestion 1.pdf
• Data Presentation Template-SubQuestion 2.pdf

All materials are openly available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Reporting guidelines

This protocol was developed in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The final scoping review will be reported according to PRISMA-ScR.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all members of the COST Action CA22114 – TREASURE for their valuable contributions to the collaborative discussions and consensus-building process that supported this work.

During manuscript preparation, ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-5) was used to support language editing and formatting. All outputs were critically reviewed by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final content of the manuscript.

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Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al.: PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann. Intern. Med. 2018; 169(7): 467–473. Publisher Full Text
UNICEF: Mapping the global goals for sustainable development and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.2016. Reference Source
United Nations Children’s Fund: Early moments matter for every child.2017. Reference Source
Wittkowski A, Vatter S, Muhinyi A, et al.: Measuring bonding or attachment in the parent-infant-relationship: A systematic review of parent-report assessment measures, their psychometric properties and clinical utility. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2020; 82: 101906. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

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Publication information

Section

Study Protocol

Published

May 16, 2026

DOI

https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.23592.1

Versions

May 16, 2026 (Published Manuscript Under Review 1.0)

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Funding data

COST Action CA22114 – TREASURE
European Commission

Grant ID(s): CA22114

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122

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Keywords

assessment instruments, parent-infant relationship, psychometric properties, scoping review

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Sónia Brandão

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Corresponding Author, Co-Author, Conceptualization, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-8765-8240

soniabrandao@esenf.pt

Patrícia Souto

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

patriciasouto@esenf.pt

Andreia Soares Gonçalves

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Health Sciences Research Unit (UICISA:E), Coimbra, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-2311-8215

avanessagoncalves@ess.ipvc.pt

Rosa Silva

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-3947-7098

rosasilva@esenf.pt

Paula Prata

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Conceptualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-7552-9716

prata@esenf.pt

Anat Talmon

Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Jerusalem District, Israel

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

atalmon@mail.huji.ac.il

Ewa Gieysztor

Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

ewa.gieysztor@umw.edu.pl

Patrícia Gonçalves

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

patriciagoncalves@esenf.pt

Semra Pinar

Department of Midwifery, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, Kahramanmaras, Kahramanmaraş Province, Turkey

School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, UK

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

semrapinar@ksu.edu.tr

Nicola Carone

Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Lazio, Italy

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-3696-9641

nicola.carone@uniroma2.it

Tânia Brandão

William James Center for Research, Ispa – Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

taniabrandao60@hotmail.com

Alena Lochmannová

Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-7822-0204

alena.Lochmannova@lfp.cuni.cz

Özlem Şensoy

Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Istanbul, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-7709-7021

ozlem.sensoy@istanbul.edu.tr

Esra Ardahan Akgül

Faculty of Health Sciences, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye, Izmir, İzmir, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

esraardahan90@gmail.com

Kristiina Uriko

Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Health, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-0644-4473

kristiina.uriko@tlu.ee

Seda Ardahan Sevgili

Faculty of Nursing, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye, Izmir, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-6544-2588

sedardahan@gmail.com

Elif Bulut

Faculty of Health Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Türkiye, Tokat, Tokat, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

elf.bayrak@hotmail.com

Dora d'Orsi

William James Center for Research, Ispa – Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-0537-1815

dora.duarte@ispa.pt

Rajesh Shigdel

Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

rajesh.shigdel@uib.no

Demet Gülaldı

Faculty of Health Sciences, Child Development, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Istanbul, İstanbul, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-8971-9737

demet.gulaldi@uskudar.edu.tr

Otília Freitas

School of Health, University of Madeira, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

RISE-HEALTH, School of Health, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

omsfreitas@staff.uma.pt

Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz

Department of Psychology, Kırklareli University, Kirklareli, Türkiye, Kırklareli, Kırklareli, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-0496-3897

pelindikmen@gmail.com

Lence Miloseva

Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, North Macedonia, Shtip, Municipality of Shtip, North Macedonia

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-7574-0327

lence.miloseva@ugd.edu.mk

Mirlinda Markaj

Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Bratislava Region, Slovakia

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

mirlindamarkaj@gmail.com

Gilberta Sousa

School of Health, University of Madeira, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal

RISE-HEALTH, School of Health, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

gilberta@staff.uma.pt

Pinar Gencpinar

Neuroscience Center, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiye, Izmir, İzmir, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

pinargencpinar@gmail.com

Aycin Ezgi Onel

Faculty of Nursing, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye, Izmir, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-4720-6685

aycinezgiakaydin@gmail.com

Carmen Power

Independent psychologist, consultant and educator, Bristol, UK

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

carmenpower7@gmail.com

Özlem Koç

Faculty of Health Sciences, Tarsus University, Mersin, Türkiye, Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

ozlemkoc@tarsus.edu.tr

Tuğçe Sönmez

Faculty of Health Sciences, Tarsus University, Mersin, Türkiye, Tarsus, Mersin Province, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

tugcesonmez@tarsus.edu.tr

Diana Azevedo

Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ULS Braga, Braga, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-2848-3748

dianafpa@hotmail.com

Edanur Tar Tar Bolacali

Faculty of Health Sciences, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Türkiye, Kırşehir, Kırşehir, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-8821-8554

edanurtar.1107@gmail.com

Bahar Aksoy

Kumluca Faculty of Health Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye, Antalya, Antalya, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0003-0466-5918

baharaksoy6161@gmail.com

Burcu Kömürcü Akik

Department of Psychology, Ankara University, Faculty of Languages and History-Geography, Ankara, Türkiye, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

komurcuburcu@hotmail.com

Ayça Demir Yıldırım

Department of Midwifery, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Istanbul, İstanbul, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0001-8385-3954

ayca.demiryildirim@uskudar.edu.tr

Hazal Özdemir Koyu

Nursing Faculty, Gazi University, Ankara, Türkiye, Ankara, Ankara, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

hazalozdemirkoyu@gazi.edu.tr

Wilson Abreu

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

wjabreu@esenf.pt

Tuğba Yılmaz Esencan

Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Türkiye, Istanbul, İstanbul, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-8748-0793

tugba.yilmazesencan@uskudar.edu.tr

Margarida Reis Santos

Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

RISE-Health Research Unit, Nursing School of Porto, University of Porto (ESEP), Porto, 4200-072, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-7948-9317

margarida.reis.santos@gmail.com

Mário Santos

RISE-Health, Santarém Polytechnic University, Santarém, Portugal

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-4804-1843

mariojdssantos@gmail.com

Remziye Can

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Vocational and Technical High School, Ankara, Türkiye, Ankara, Turkey

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-0254-5958

drremziyecan@gmail.com

Anna-Lena Zietlow

Faculty of Psychology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

anna-lena.zietlow@tu-dresden.de

Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez

Instituto de Investigacion Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain

Department of Nursing, University of Granada, Granada, Andalusia, Spain

Roles

Co-Author, Writing – Review & Editing

0000-0002-0565-1123

rcg477@ugr.es

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[2] Aktar E, Qu J, Lawrence PJ, et al.: Fetal and infant outcomes in the offspring of parents with perinatal mental disorders: Earliest influences. Front. Psych. 2019; 10: Article 391. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

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[14] Frosch CA, Schoppe-Sullivan SJ, O’Banion DD: Parenting and child development: A relational health perspective. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2021; 15(1): 45–59. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

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[19] Kiel EJ, Kalomiris AE: Current themes in understanding children’s emotion regulation as developing from within the parent–child relationship. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 2015; 3: 11–16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

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[39] Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al.: PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann. Intern. Med. 2018; 169(7): 467–473. Publisher Full Text

[40] UNICEF: Mapping the global goals for sustainable development and the Convention on the Rights of the Child.2016. Reference Source

[41] United Nations Children’s Fund: Early moments matter for every child.2017. Reference Source

[42] Wittkowski A, Vatter S, Muhinyi A, et al.: Measuring bonding or attachment in the parent-infant-relationship: A systematic review of parent-report assessment measures, their psychometric properties and clinical utility. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2020; 82: 101906. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text

Instruments for assessing parent-infant relationships: a scoping review protocol

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Abstract

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Comments

Publication information

Included in

Funding data

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Authors & roles

Sónia Brandão

Patrícia Souto

Andreia Soares Gonçalves

Rosa Silva

Paula Prata

Anat Talmon

Ewa Gieysztor

Patrícia Gonçalves

Semra Pinar

Nicola Carone

Tânia Brandão

Alena Lochmannová

Özlem Şensoy

Esra Ardahan Akgül

Kristiina Uriko

Seda Ardahan Sevgili

Elif Bulut

Dora d'Orsi

Rajesh Shigdel

Demet Gülaldı

Otília Freitas

Pelin Dikmen-Yildiz

Lence Miloseva

Mirlinda Markaj

Gilberta Sousa

Pinar Gencpinar

Aycin Ezgi Onel

Carmen Power

Özlem Koç

Tuğçe Sönmez

Diana Azevedo

Edanur Tar Tar Bolacali

Bahar Aksoy

Burcu Kömürcü Akik

Ayça Demir Yıldırım

Hazal Özdemir Koyu

Wilson Abreu

Tuğba Yılmaz Esencan

Margarida Reis Santos

Mário Santos

Remziye Can

Anna-Lena Zietlow

Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez

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