Introduction
Built cultural heritage refers to man-made structures, buildings, landmarks, and spaces with historical, architectural, artistic, cultural, or social significance1. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) promotes worldwide cultural equality and heritage conservation. By adopting the World Heritage Convention (WHC) in 1972, Member States of UNESCO are responsible for identifying, protecting, conserving, and presenting the world’s heritage2. Unfortunately, these invaluable assets are vulnerable to different socio-economic and natural hazards, especially in the face of climate change and its effects3. The United Nations (UN) recognizes in Target 11.4 of the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) that safeguarding cultural heritage contributes to making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable4. Thus, endeavors to preserve the built cultural heritage environment are both required and desired5.
Previous work indicates that a suitable Industry 4.0 digital twin framework for built cultural heritage assets would be primarily based on an As-Is Historical Asset Information Model (AI-HAIM)6. This AI-HAIM must contain interoperable data, geometry, finite element, and data-driven modules (“digital asset”) and be linked to its real-world counterpart through a multi-metric asset health monitoring system. That system should continuously produce data on the asset’s structural, environmental, and operational conditions (“physical asset”). Major challenges in creating Industry 4.0 digital twins include: i) lack of interoperability among different software used in the digital twin model generation; ii) unclear guidelines for creating macro-digital twins integrating individual asset models, and iii) absence of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) benchmark databases suitable for digital twin prototyping development and validation7,8.
While the vision of Industry 4.0 has driven digitalization and increased productivity, it has been deemed inadequate to achieve European goals by 20309. Thus, a novel Industry 5.0 paradigm has emerged. Industry 5.0 is mainly based on three foundational ideas: i) human-centrism, ii) resilience, and iii) sustainability. The recognized enabling technologies of this new transformative vision include: a) Individualized human-machine-interaction, b) bio-inspired technologies and smart materials, c) digital twins and simulation, d) data transmission, storage, and analysis technologies, e) artificial intelligence, and f) technologies for efficiency, renewables, storage, and autonomy10.
The objective of this systematic literature review is to collect and synthesize state-of-the-art knowledge and information, identify how Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies can contribute to the improvement of built cultural heritage conservation practices, identify current gaps, and highlight future potential developments and opportunities in the field. To this end, the proposed systematic review will answer the following question: How can the architecture, engineering, construction, management, operation, and conservation (AECMO&C) industry adapt and be better prepared to embrace novel Industry 5.0 concepts ultimately leading to enhanced practices in built cultural heritage conservation?.
Protocol
While the PRISMA 202011 statement was initially developed for use in medical and clinical sciences, its principles can also be applied within the field of engineering. This is because PRISMA 2020 offers a useful guide on how to find, choose, evaluate, and combine information from existing literature. This paper presents the protocol adopted to perform a systematic literature review within the context of an International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) Fellowship, part of the Digital Twin Anomaly Detection Decision-Making for Bridge Management (DTADD) Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) Individual Fellowship (IF) Postdoctoral Research Project. The protocol has been registered in the OSF Registries website12 and follows the checklist provided by PRISMA-P13 and guidelines of the PRISMA-P Explanation and Elaboration14.
Systematic literature review administrative information
The title of this protocol, as well as the authors contact, have been provided in the cover page of this manuscript, being the corresponding author also the guarantor. This protocol has been registered in the OSF Registries website under the Generalized Systematic Review Registration Form15 on 24/02/202412. In the event of protocol amendments, the date of each amendment will be accompanied by a description of the change and the rationale. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101066739. Moreover, support was also provided by the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) by granting access to ICCROM extensive bibliographic resources during the time this work was conducted to the corresponding author of this paper within the context of a prestigious ICCROM Fellowship. Finally, the European Union funded this research. Nevertheless, the funder is not involved in any other aspect of the project and will have no input on the interpretation or publication of the study results.
Systematic literature review methods
Different criteria were considered to decide whether a record would be eligible. Peer reviewed records published as Articles, Conference Paper, Book Chapters, or Review in Journals, Conference Proceedings, Books, or Book Series within the subject areas of Computer Science, Engineering, Business Management and Accounting, Decision Sciences, Social Sciences, Economics Econometrics and Finance, Energy, Environmental Science, Materials Science, Arts and Humanities, and Multidisciplinary, from 2020 up to 2024, written in English, and containing the following keywords of interest (and similar terms, namely: human-centrism and human-centric, etc.) as part of the record’s title, abstract, or keywords, will be initially included:
Industry 5.0.
Principles:
○ Human-Centrism.
○ Resilience.
○ Sustainability.
Enabling Technologies:
○ Human-centric solutions.
○ Human-machine-interaction.
○ Bio-inspired technologies.
○ Smart materials.
○ Digital twins.
○ Cyber safe data.
○ Artificial intelligence.
○ Energy efficiency.
○ Trustworthy autonomy.
In combination with:
Scopus was the selected electronic database to be searched as it contains comprehensive records on the field of interest and the necessary features to extract bibliographic data. It is foreseen that in case a relatively small number (<20) of records is finally included, both forward and backward citation searching will be conducted to increase this number with relevant records. Furthermore, in case it is required to further increase the number of records, additional records will be searched throughout the extensive bibliographic resources of ICCROM. Three different search queries were run implementing the specified eligibility criteria and combining the various keywords of interest identified. The full search queries were:
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "industry 5.0" AND (heritage OR conservation) ) AND PUBYEAR > 2019 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "p" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "k" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "b" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "cp" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ch" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "re" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "COMP" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENGI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "BUSI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "DECI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "SOCI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ECON" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENER" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENVI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MATE" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ARTS" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MULT" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) )
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( human-centr* OR resilien* OR sustainab* ) AND ( "cultural heritage" AND conservation ) ) AND PUBYEAR > 2019 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "p" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "k" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "b" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "cp" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ch" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "re" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "COMP" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENGI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "BUSI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "DECI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "SOCI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ECON" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENER" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENVI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MATE" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ARTS" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MULT" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) )
TITLE-ABS-KEY ( ( human-centr* OR human-machin* OR bio-inspired OR "smart material*" OR "digital twin*" OR "cyber safe" OR "artificial intelligence" OR "energy efficien*" OR "trustworthy autonom*" ) AND ( "cultural heritage" AND conservation ) ) AND PUBYEAR > 2019 AND PUBYEAR < 2025 AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "j" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "p" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "k" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SRCTYPE , "b" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "cp" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ch" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "re" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "COMP" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENGI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "BUSI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "DECI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "SOCI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ECON" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENER" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ENVI" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MATE" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "ARTS" ) OR LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "MULT" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) )
As can be observed from the reported queries, the search was limited to the search fields of title, abstract and keywords. Moreover, a series of filters were applied, namely: records published within the years 2020 and2024, document types pertaining to the categories of articles, conference papers, book chapters, or reviews, published in sources such as journals, conference proceedings, books, or book series, written in English, and within the subject areas of computer science, engineering, business management and accounting, decision sciences, social sciences, economics econometrics and finance, energy, environmental science, materials science, arts and humanities, and multidisciplinary.
The search strategy adopted has been created specifically for this systematic review, thus, no search strategies from previews literature reviews have been adopted. Furthermore, no update method will be used (although Scopus allows the use of search alerts) as the final manuscript will be completed shortly after the search had been performed. The search was conducted on 16/02/2024. Full details of the search strategy conducted have been published online and are openly available for the reviewers of this protocol manuscript, and anyone else interested on consulting them16,17.
The total records found will be reported in accordance to the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for systematic reviews11. The number of records identified with each of the search queries reported were: SQ1 = 13, SQ2 = 777, SQ3 = 117. A FAIR bibliographic database has been created with all the records identified at this stage18. The deduplication process was conducted automatically through the EndNote software. The number of records for each one of the search queries after deduplications were: SQ1 = 13, SQ2 = 776, SQ3 = 83.
Both a bibliometric analysis and a narrative synthesis will be performed to qualitatively present the results of the systematic literature review. The information of the included records will be qualitatively summarized in a narrative synthesis as the findings are characterized by heterogeneity. Moreover, two approaches for the bibliometric analysis will be conducted: a performance analysis and a science mapping. The performance analysis will be presented in terms of publications per year, most cited authors, most cited records, documents per country, keyword occurrence, and most used source for publication. On the other hand, the science mapping will analyze the co-authorship relationships in terms of authors and countries, as well as the co-occurrence relationships between keywords (both author and index keywords). No meta-bias assessment is planned for the proposed systematic review and no confidence assessment plan will be used for the proposed systematic review. This is based in the fact that no universally accepted methodology is available for the grading of reviewing in the AECMO&C field.
Conclusions/Discussion
In conclusion, the Industry 5.0 paradigm, with its focus on human-centrism, resilience, and sustainability, offers a transformative vision for the AECMO&C industry. This paper has developed a protocol for a systematic literature review to explore how this industry can adapt to and incorporate the principles and enabling technologies of Industry 5.0. These technologies include human-centric solutions and human-machine interaction, bio-inspired technologies and smart materials, real time-based digital twins and simulation, secure data transmission, storage, and analysis, artificial intelligence, and energy efficient and trustworthy autonomy. The goal is to improve conservation practices for the built cultural heritage environment. The protocol, which follows the PRISMA-P guidelines, is registered and ready for implementation. This research aims at providing a roadmap for the AECMO&C industry to navigate and thrive in the upcoming Industry 5.0 landscape.
Ethics and consent
Ethical approval and consent were not required.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: AJR. Investigation: AJR, MLP, RR. Methodology: AJR, MLP, RR. Project Administration: AJR, VP, MN. Resources: AJR, VP, MN. Supervision: VP, MN. Writing – original draft preparation: AJR, MLP, RR. Writing – review and editing: AJR, VP, MN.
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author would like to acknowledge the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) for granting him the prestigious ICCROM Fellowship and access to ICCROM extensive bibliographic resources during the time this work was conducted.
Faculty Opinions recommendedReferences
- 1.
UNESCO WHC: World Heritage information kit. 2008. Reference Source
- 2.
UNESCO WHC: Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. 2016. Reference Source
- 3.
UNESCO: Policy document on the impacts of climate change on World Heritage Properties. 2006. Reference Source
- 4.
United Nations: Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 2015. Reference Source
- 5.
European Commission: Strengthening cultural heritage resilience for climate change. 2022. Reference Source
- 6.
Jiménez Rios A, Plevris V, Nogal M:
Bridge management through digital twin-based anomaly detection systems: A systematic review.
Front Built Environ.
2023; 9: 1176621. Publisher Full Text
- 7.
Jiménez Rios A, Plevris V, Nogal M:
Uncertainties in the synthetic data generation for the creation of bridge digital twins. In: 5th International Conference on Uncertainty Quantification in Computational Science and Engineering (UNCECOMP). Athens, Greece, 2023; 39–7. Publisher Full Text
- 8.
Jiménez Rios A, Plevris V, Nogal M:
Synthetic data generation for the creation of bridge digital twins what-if scenarios. In: 9th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN). Athens, Greece, 2023; 4801–4809. Publisher Full Text
- 9.
European Commission: Industry 5.0: A transformative vision for Europe. 2022. Reference Source
- 10.
European Commission: Industry 5.0: Towards a sustainable, human-centric and resilient European industry. 2021. Publisher Full Text
- 11.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al.:
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.
BMJ.
2021; 372: n71. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 12.
Jiménez Rios A, Petrou ML, Ramirez R, et al.:
Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies, towards an enhanced conservation practice. 2024. Publisher Full Text
- 13.
Mohe D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al.:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement.
Syst Rev.
2015; 4(1): 1. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 14.
Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, et al.:
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation.
BMJ.
2015; 349: g7647. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
- 15.
van den Akker OR, Peters GY, Bakker CJ, et al.:
Increasing the transparency of systematic reviews: presenting a generalized registration form.
Syst Rev.
2023; 12(1): 170. PubMed Abstract
| Publisher Full Text
| Free Full Text
- 16.
Jiménez Rios A, Petrou ML, Ramirez R, et al.:
Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies, towards an enhanced conservation practice: Systematic literature review search strategy checklist. 2024. http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10875794
- 17.
Jiménez Rios A, Petrou ML, Ramirez R, et al.:
Industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies, towards an enhanced conservation practice: Systematic literature review protocol checklist. 2024. http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10877563
- 18.
Jiménez Rios A, Petrou ML, Ramirez R, et al.:
Bibliographic dataset for the systematic literature review on industry 5.0 concepts and enabling technologies, towards an enhanced conservation practice.
Zenodo.
2024. http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10671411
