Evidence synthesis: Public perceptions of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies in the European Union

This study examines public perceptions and responses to hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across the EU27, focusing on patterns of awareness, acceptance, and perceived risks and benefits. Through a rapid, but systematic, literature review of the 2023 Gallup International Awareness of Hydrogen Technologies Survey, we explore how demographic, regional, and attitudinal factors shape public opinion. Findings indicate that while awareness of hydrogen is widespread, familiarity is limited and uneven across countries and groups. Support for hydrogen is strongest when linked to environmental sustainability and energy independence, but it remains contingent on trust in institutions, clarity about hydrogen production types, and reassurance around safety and cost. Differences by age, gender, and national policy context highlight the need for tailored communication and engagement strategies. These insights provide actionable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders working to align public engagement with the EU’s hydrogen and climate ambitions.

This study looks at how people across the European Union feel about using hydrogen as a future energy source. It combines insights from past research from all 27 EU countries. While most people have heard of hydrogen, only a smaller number say they understand it well. The way people think about hydrogen depends on their age, gender, and where they live. Men and younger people are more likely to say they’re familiar with hydrogen. People who care about the environment and trust science tend to support hydrogen energy, especially when it’s presented as safe and clean. However, concerns about safety, cost, and how hydrogen is produced still affect people’s views. The study shows that to gain stronger public support, governments and organisations need to communicate more clearly and address different groups in ways that match their needs and concerns.